INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Arranged by:
- Hendra Eka
Suparman (23215111)
- Nurul Huda (25215234)
- Theo Manggalapi Wibowo (26215867)
UNIVERSITY GUNADARMA
2016
CHAPTER 1
DISCUSSION
a. Teori
Classical In PerdaganganInternasional
1. Adam Smith
The theory of value used is the theory of production costs, although the original using the labor theory of value. Goods have use value and exchange value. Cost of production determines the relative price of goods, so as to create two kinds of prices, namely the price of the natural and the market price in the long term the market will tend to equal the price of natural price, and with the theory arose the concept of the paradox of value.
2. Ricardo
a thinker of the most prominent among all the classical school of experts. He is most famous for the precision thinking, his approach almost entirely deductive method. David Ricardo has developed the ideas of Adam Smith more terjabar and also more systematic. And deductive theoretical approach, his thinking is based on the hypothesis used as terms of reference for a review of the problem according to the logic approach. The theory developed by Ricardo involves four groups of issues, namely: the theory of income distribution as a result of the division of the whole
production and served as wage theory, the theory of land rent, interest and profit theory, the theory of value and prices, international trade theory and the theory of accumulation and economic development.
Production and served as wage theory, the theory of land rent, interest and profit theory, the theory of value and prices, international trade theory, and the theory of accumulation and economic development.
1. Adam Smith
The theory of value used is the theory of production costs, although the original using the labor theory of value. Goods have use value and exchange value. Cost of production determines the relative price of goods, so as to create two kinds of prices, namely the price of the natural and the market price in the long term the market will tend to equal the price of natural price, and with the theory arose the concept of the paradox of value.
2. Ricardo
a thinker of the most prominent among all the classical school of experts. He is most famous for the precision thinking, his approach almost entirely deductive method. David Ricardo has developed the ideas of Adam Smith more terjabar and also more systematic. And deductive theoretical approach, his thinking is based on the hypothesis used as terms of reference for a review of the problem according to the logic approach. The theory developed by Ricardo involves four groups of issues, namely: the theory of income distribution as a result of the division of the whole
production and served as wage theory, the theory of land rent, interest and profit theory, the theory of value and prices, international trade theory and the theory of accumulation and economic development.
Production and served as wage theory, the theory of land rent, interest and profit theory, the theory of value and prices, international trade theory, and the theory of accumulation and economic development.
b. Neo-Classical
Theory In PerdaganganInternasional
Neoclassical school of thought has changed the outlook on the economy both in theory and in the methodology. The theory of value is no longer based on the value of the labor or production costs but have switched to the satisfaction of the marginal (marginal utility). This approach is a new approach in economic theory
Neoclassical school of thought has changed the outlook on the economy both in theory and in the methodology. The theory of value is no longer based on the value of the labor or production costs but have switched to the satisfaction of the marginal (marginal utility). This approach is a new approach in economic theory
1.
Gossen
One of the founders of the neoclassical school of that Gossen, he has contributed to the economic thinking is later called Gossen's Law I and II. I Gossen law describes the relationship of quantity of goods consumed and the level of satisfaction obtained, while the second Gossen law, how consumers allocate income to different kinds of goods needed. Besides Gossen, Jevons and Menger also developed the theory of marginal value of satisfaction. Jevons argued that it is the individual behaviors that play a role in determining the value of goods. And differences in preferences that raises the price difference. While Menger explained the theory of the value of the order of various types of goods, according to him the value of an item is determined by the lowest satisfaction levels that can be fulfilled. With the theory of the order of this item is included at the same time distribution theory.
One of the founders of the neoclassical school of that Gossen, he has contributed to the economic thinking is later called Gossen's Law I and II. I Gossen law describes the relationship of quantity of goods consumed and the level of satisfaction obtained, while the second Gossen law, how consumers allocate income to different kinds of goods needed. Besides Gossen, Jevons and Menger also developed the theory of marginal value of satisfaction. Jevons argued that it is the individual behaviors that play a role in determining the value of goods. And differences in preferences that raises the price difference. While Menger explained the theory of the value of the order of various types of goods, according to him the value of an item is determined by the lowest satisfaction levels that can be fulfilled. With the theory of the order of this item is included at the same time distribution theory.
2. Walras
Thought that was amazing compiled by Walras theory of general equilibrium through four simultaneous equations. In this system occurs linkages between various economic activities such as the theory of production, consumption and distribution. Assumptions used Walras is perfect competition, the amount of capital, labor, and land is limited, while the production technology and consumer tastes anyway. If there is a change in any of these assumptions, the changes relating to all economic activity.
Thought that was amazing compiled by Walras theory of general equilibrium through four simultaneous equations. In this system occurs linkages between various economic activities such as the theory of production, consumption and distribution. Assumptions used Walras is perfect competition, the amount of capital, labor, and land is limited, while the production technology and consumer tastes anyway. If there is a change in any of these assumptions, the changes relating to all economic activity.
1.2 Export
Trade Indonesia
Posted on February 21, 2016
Author: Silvia Hanna (Staff Department of Strategic Studies BEM FEB 2016)
Each country is never apart from export and import activities. Import-export activities based on the condition that every country has the characteristics of each resource and certainly these characteristics differ from country to country. To complement and fill the gap tersebutlah characteristics, import-export activities performed. It is also important to note, indirectly, export and import activities have contributed significant role in spurring economic growth in each country. Based on data taken from the Ministry of Commerce of the Republic of Indonesia, exports and imports are also included in the economic indicators of Indonesia. Indonesia is a country rich in resources. However, if it is able to rule out the possibility of Indonesia's import value is more dominating than the value of its exports?
Export
According KBBI, understanding is the delivery of merchandise exports abroad. The merchandise in question can be physical goods or services. Export is one of the important benchmark to determine how much economic growth in a country. Of these export activities, it can be assured of business activity in the real sector more awake. Production of goods not only rotates in the country only but also rotates in international trade. That is why, in the long term export activities can be a hero in foreign exchange for the country's economic growth.
However, according to the data obtained, the development of Indonesian exports starting in 2011-2015 did not increase the contrary. Based on the chart below, in the period 2011-2015, the export value of Indonesia continues to decline each year of 203,496.60 million US $ to 150,252.50 million US $ in 2015 ago. It can be concluded, from the years 2011-2015, the decline in export value amounted to 26.16%.. Development of Export Value Year 2011-2015 in Indonesia (million US $)
Each country has always sought to develop export value of commodity exports superior. Export growth is very important in improving the state revenue that affect the development of the national economy. Since then, exports became the main focus in promoting economic growth in line with the change of emphasis on the industrialization strategy of import substitution to export promotion. According to BPS, komotidi Indonesian export commodities are in the non-oil and gas sector. Whereas, for the oil and gas sector alone, its development is still very much under the Non-Oil and Gas sector.
Author: Silvia Hanna (Staff Department of Strategic Studies BEM FEB 2016)
Each country is never apart from export and import activities. Import-export activities based on the condition that every country has the characteristics of each resource and certainly these characteristics differ from country to country. To complement and fill the gap tersebutlah characteristics, import-export activities performed. It is also important to note, indirectly, export and import activities have contributed significant role in spurring economic growth in each country. Based on data taken from the Ministry of Commerce of the Republic of Indonesia, exports and imports are also included in the economic indicators of Indonesia. Indonesia is a country rich in resources. However, if it is able to rule out the possibility of Indonesia's import value is more dominating than the value of its exports?
Export
According KBBI, understanding is the delivery of merchandise exports abroad. The merchandise in question can be physical goods or services. Export is one of the important benchmark to determine how much economic growth in a country. Of these export activities, it can be assured of business activity in the real sector more awake. Production of goods not only rotates in the country only but also rotates in international trade. That is why, in the long term export activities can be a hero in foreign exchange for the country's economic growth.
However, according to the data obtained, the development of Indonesian exports starting in 2011-2015 did not increase the contrary. Based on the chart below, in the period 2011-2015, the export value of Indonesia continues to decline each year of 203,496.60 million US $ to 150,252.50 million US $ in 2015 ago. It can be concluded, from the years 2011-2015, the decline in export value amounted to 26.16%.. Development of Export Value Year 2011-2015 in Indonesia (million US $)
Each country has always sought to develop export value of commodity exports superior. Export growth is very important in improving the state revenue that affect the development of the national economy. Since then, exports became the main focus in promoting economic growth in line with the change of emphasis on the industrialization strategy of import substitution to export promotion. According to BPS, komotidi Indonesian export commodities are in the non-oil and gas sector. Whereas, for the oil and gas sector alone, its development is still very much under the Non-Oil and Gas sector.
Source: Calculated based on data from the Ministry of Commerce in 2015
Comparison of Oil and Gas Export Value of Non-Oil and Gas in Indonesia
2011-2015 (million US $)
Source: Calculated
based on data from the Ministry of Commerce in 2015
1.3 Foreign Power Level
In its ranking of the World Economic Forum (WEF), the competitiveness of Indonesia experienced a big leap from rank 50 to rank 38. The leap is a big achievement for Indonesia, and only surpassed by Ecuador and Lesotho. However, Indonesia's ranking leap of the new approach the ratings of other ASEAN countries, especially countries Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Brunei Darussalam. This triggers the big question is whether Indonesia is ready to face the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) which will be applicable in 2015? In the face of the implementation of the AEC in 2015, Indonesia still faces some challenges, both external and internal. External challenges faced include the level of competition is increasingly fierce trade, the growing trade deficit with other ASEAN countries Indonesia, and how Indonesia can enhance its investment attractiveness. Meanwhile, Indonesia's internal challenges include the lack of public understanding of AEC, unpreparedness regions face AEC, the level of regional development are varied and human resources and labor conditions Indonesia.Disamping challenges, Indonesia still has a great opportunity to be able to take advantage of the implementation MEA for the welfare of the Indonesian people. Until now, Indonesia is still the investor investment destination in the country or abroad. The high level of investment has driven economic growth is relatively high compared to other ASEAN countries. Another potential which is owned by Indonesia is the total population. The population of this great Indonesia (the demographic bonus) may be the key to success for improving the competitiveness of Indonesia. With the support of education and skills, then labor productivity will increase.
Factor productivity will be key to how Indonesia can face the MEA. Logically simple, productivity is a key element in the competition. With high productivity production is expected to become more efficient and can provide more competitive price. However, David Ricardo can break this argument (which was built by Adam Smith) the concept of comparative advantage. According to Ricardo, the benefits of productivity is not the only factor a country can win the competition, but other factors may also cause a state to compete. In other words, which can reduce production costs on average not only productivity but also factor input costs are low. The low cost of labor is the factor most often relied upon by a country that has a comparative advantage. In addition, factors ownership of natural resources and efficient financial markets is another factor that brings on comparative advantage.
Therefore, comparisons of competitiveness with neighboring countries should not be compared levels of productivity through TFP but also can be compared with the factors such as infrastructure, logistics, investment, small and medium enterprises, and the variety and volume of products traded between ASEAN countries and with the rest of the world.
In its ranking of the World Economic Forum (WEF), the competitiveness of Indonesia experienced a big leap from rank 50 to rank 38. The leap is a big achievement for Indonesia, and only surpassed by Ecuador and Lesotho. However, Indonesia's ranking leap of the new approach the ratings of other ASEAN countries, especially countries Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Brunei Darussalam. This triggers the big question is whether Indonesia is ready to face the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) which will be applicable in 2015? In the face of the implementation of the AEC in 2015, Indonesia still faces some challenges, both external and internal. External challenges faced include the level of competition is increasingly fierce trade, the growing trade deficit with other ASEAN countries Indonesia, and how Indonesia can enhance its investment attractiveness. Meanwhile, Indonesia's internal challenges include the lack of public understanding of AEC, unpreparedness regions face AEC, the level of regional development are varied and human resources and labor conditions Indonesia.Disamping challenges, Indonesia still has a great opportunity to be able to take advantage of the implementation MEA for the welfare of the Indonesian people. Until now, Indonesia is still the investor investment destination in the country or abroad. The high level of investment has driven economic growth is relatively high compared to other ASEAN countries. Another potential which is owned by Indonesia is the total population. The population of this great Indonesia (the demographic bonus) may be the key to success for improving the competitiveness of Indonesia. With the support of education and skills, then labor productivity will increase.
Factor productivity will be key to how Indonesia can face the MEA. Logically simple, productivity is a key element in the competition. With high productivity production is expected to become more efficient and can provide more competitive price. However, David Ricardo can break this argument (which was built by Adam Smith) the concept of comparative advantage. According to Ricardo, the benefits of productivity is not the only factor a country can win the competition, but other factors may also cause a state to compete. In other words, which can reduce production costs on average not only productivity but also factor input costs are low. The low cost of labor is the factor most often relied upon by a country that has a comparative advantage. In addition, factors ownership of natural resources and efficient financial markets is another factor that brings on comparative advantage.
Therefore, comparisons of competitiveness with neighboring countries should not be compared levels of productivity through TFP but also can be compared with the factors such as infrastructure, logistics, investment, small and medium enterprises, and the variety and volume of products traded between ASEAN countries and with the rest of the world.
CHAPTER 2
NEWS AND ANALYSIS
Deficit, Jokowi
Urged to Boost Trade with China
JAKARTA - President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) received the
visit of the Delegation State Councilor of the
People's Republic of China at the State Palace, Jakarta
today to improve bilateral relations on all fronts. Trade
and investment is one of the subjects as Foreign Minister (FM) Retno Marsudi.
He explained that the numbers of trade between Indonesia and China is experiencing a declining trend, but claimed investment from China has jumped by 400%. According to RI and China's trade numbers large enough in numbers USD44,4 million USD. But President Jokowi asked that trade figures between the two countries again improved due to a declining trend.
"In the field of trade, the amount is large enough that USD44,4 billion. But there is a downward trend since the president requested jointly that the downward trend may be restored or improved terms of trade figures," he said at the Presidential Palace Complex, Jakarta, Monday (09/05/2016).
During the meeting, he continued, there was a suggestion to Indonesia in order to establish the Indonesian Trade Promotion Centre (ITPC) in Shanghai, and Promotion Center in Beijing. "The President asked for these trade barriers can be removed," he added.
Meanwhile described for investment, the Chinese delegation expressed this year there is a very significant increase in investment, amounting to 400%.
"And the President also expressed the efforts that have been undertaken by Indonesia to attract foreign investment to Indonesia. The point two huge exist in trade and investment and the President also expressed the intensity of all the lines of communication, from the presidential level to the president," he concluded.
For information on the trade balance data are reported to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), Indonesia recorded value of exports to China amounted to USD 2.84 billion in the period from January to March 2016. This figure dropped 9.34% over the same period the previous USD 3.13 billion.
While lodging March, the realization of exports to China worth USD 1 billion and Indonesia's imports from China in the first quarter of 2016 reached USD 7.12 billion. This figure is down from the same period last year of USD 7.45 billion.
Analysis
From the news over Indonesia still have to improve performance in exports to China that a downward trend, with the state of the deterioration of Indonesia's exports to China incurred was meeting to discuss "a proposal on Indonesia to establish Indonesian Trade Promotion Centre (ITPC) in Shanghai, and Promotion Center in Beijing. "The President asked for these trade barriers can be removed," he added.
He explained that the numbers of trade between Indonesia and China is experiencing a declining trend, but claimed investment from China has jumped by 400%. According to RI and China's trade numbers large enough in numbers USD44,4 million USD. But President Jokowi asked that trade figures between the two countries again improved due to a declining trend.
"In the field of trade, the amount is large enough that USD44,4 billion. But there is a downward trend since the president requested jointly that the downward trend may be restored or improved terms of trade figures," he said at the Presidential Palace Complex, Jakarta, Monday (09/05/2016).
During the meeting, he continued, there was a suggestion to Indonesia in order to establish the Indonesian Trade Promotion Centre (ITPC) in Shanghai, and Promotion Center in Beijing. "The President asked for these trade barriers can be removed," he added.
Meanwhile described for investment, the Chinese delegation expressed this year there is a very significant increase in investment, amounting to 400%.
"And the President also expressed the efforts that have been undertaken by Indonesia to attract foreign investment to Indonesia. The point two huge exist in trade and investment and the President also expressed the intensity of all the lines of communication, from the presidential level to the president," he concluded.
For information on the trade balance data are reported to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), Indonesia recorded value of exports to China amounted to USD 2.84 billion in the period from January to March 2016. This figure dropped 9.34% over the same period the previous USD 3.13 billion.
While lodging March, the realization of exports to China worth USD 1 billion and Indonesia's imports from China in the first quarter of 2016 reached USD 7.12 billion. This figure is down from the same period last year of USD 7.45 billion.
Analysis
From the news over Indonesia still have to improve performance in exports to China that a downward trend, with the state of the deterioration of Indonesia's exports to China incurred was meeting to discuss "a proposal on Indonesia to establish Indonesian Trade Promotion Centre (ITPC) in Shanghai, and Promotion Center in Beijing. "The President asked for these trade barriers can be removed," he added.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan_internasional
http://www.academia.edu/8732972/TEORI-TEORI_PERDAGANGAN_INTERNASIONAL
http://bem.feb.ugm.ac.id/perkembangan-ekspor-impor-di-indonesia/
http://kemenkeu.go.id/sites/default/files/Kajian%20Daya%20Saing%20dan%20Produktivitas%20Indonesia%20Menghadapi%20MEA.pdf
http://ekbis.sindonews.com/read/1107191/34/defisit-jokowi-desak-genjot-perdagangan-ri-china-1462794704
